面條媽帶你來精讀，原來在北美，孩子的閱讀理解是這樣教（一）Author's Purpose

上學(xué)期結(jié)束前，面條媽一家就提前離校去自駕了，所以Report Card直到上周開學(xué)我才拿到，Reading部分，小面條一如即往拿到EE( Exceed Expectation)，她平時空閑時候也依舊會讀Raz-Kids做Quiz，我想當(dāng)然認(rèn)為她的閱讀理解沒有什么大問題，直到我周末給她做了一份問答形式的題目。。。

開放式閱讀理解的題目有很多關(guān)于Evidence和Cause and Effect的問題，她的回答要么不完整，要么啰嗦寫一堆沒抓住重點，我淡定不了了，找了一圈資源來幫助她梳理這些知識點。我想可能其他粑粑麻麻也會需要，有朋友確實在微信上問過我，所以呢，我打算用一個知識點結(jié)合一篇文章的精讀方法來系統(tǒng)的介紹一下。今天要說的是第一個知識點，Author's Purpose

Author's Purpose即所謂作者寫這篇文章的目的是什么，北美老師為了讓小朋友方便記憶，便把首字母組合在一起，PIE，即Persuade說服，Inform告知，Entertain娛樂，Yummy Yummy小朋友記得可牢了

讀完一篇文章，可以讓小朋友想想

Did the author try to change my opinion? Did the author try to convince me of something? 作者沒有想改變我的觀點，讓我相信他寫的？如果是，那作者寫這篇的目的就是Persuade，譬如“Cats make the best pets!”

Did the author give facts? Did the author try to teach me something? 作者在文中有沒有告訴我一些事實，有沒有想教我一些東西？如果是，那作者寫這篇的目的就是Inform，譬如“Cats are mammals.”

Did the author try to make me laugh? Did the author try to tell me a story?看了這篇有沒有覺得很好笑??？作者有沒有告訴我個什么故事？如果是，那作者寫這篇的目的就是Entertain，譬如“Once, there was a cat...”

那各個年級的小朋友需要掌握到什么程度呢？面條媽參考了美國的Common Core的要求，譬如G2－G4的要求是：

G2: Identify text evidence that shows the author’s purpose is to entertain；Identify text evidence that shows the author’s purpose is to inform

 二年級的小朋友，需要會能分辨作者的寫作目的是娛樂還是告知

G3: Identify the author’s purpose as: to entertain, to inform, or to persuade，Identify text evidence that supports the author’s purpose；Use a graphic organizer to identify the author’s purpose，Identify text evidence that supports the author’s purpose；Distinguish between different author’s purposes in texts with the same topic

   三年級的小朋友 
 

 1）需要會能分辨作者的目的是娛樂、告知還是說服，并能從文中找到細(xì)節(jié)支持自己的判斷；

 2）會用圖表的形式來展現(xiàn)，類似這樣

3）有時候作者在一篇文章中會用到多種寫作手法，小朋友需要能在同一主題下區(qū)分出作者的不同寫作目的

G4: Identify the author’s purpose in different sections of a newspaper；Classify and categorize examples of each of the three purposes: to entertain, to inform, and to persuade；Change an author’s purpose

四年級的小朋友

1）能在報紙的不同欄目下區(qū)分作者不同的寫作目的

2）能將不同欄目分類并舉例，譬如這樣

3）了解如果文中的用詞被改變，作者的寫作意圖也可能相應(yīng)被改變

精讀時間

好了，接下來就讓面條媽帶粑粑麻麻來讀一本簡單的繪本吧，這是一本針對二年級小朋友講解Author's Purpose的精典繪本《 The Adventure of Taxi Dog》，可惜我無法在網(wǎng)上找到電子版，還好繪本很短我就打了一遍，大家可以在文末看下載鏈接。我用雙語方式來講解，大家各取所需。因為是針對Author's Purpose來介紹，所以我僅做了有限的延展。

在讀之前，務(wù)必先和小朋友解釋好，作者寫作會有不同的目的，PIE的每個字母各代表了什么，和小朋友一起想想，在之前讀過的書或者文章里，作者的目的各是什么？

回到《 The Adventure of Taxi Dog》。這是一本很有愛的書，講述的是流浪狗Maxi遇到了好心的出租車司機(jī)Jim收留了它，給了它家和??，并每天帶著它一起穿梭在大街小巷的各種冒險故事。

Maxi, a homeless mutt in New York City, has always fended for himself. Then one day a kind taxi driver named Jim offers him friendship, a home, and a place in the front seat! From that moment on, Maxi and Jim revel in the sights and sounds of the city, and share all sorts of wild adventures-from rushing two clowns and a chimp to the circus, to singing duets with an opera diva! 

來見見我們的主人公Maxi吧，看它現(xiàn)在多歡樂啊，難怪書的序里寫到“ For all the homeless and abused creatures of the world- may they all find peace some day.”

這是Maxi被Jim領(lǐng)回家后

Maxi跟著Jim在機(jī)場侯客

小朋友讀完故事后，粑粑麻麻可以問：

1）Why did the author write this book, to inform, persuade or entertain?你覺得作者寫這本書的目的是PIE里的哪一種？

2)  How did you identify characteristics of the text that show the author's purpose was to entertain? 你從哪些點判斷出來作者的目的是娛樂？小朋友的回答涵蓋到如下幾點就可以了：

The pictures are silly looking.

The book is a fiction.

It tells a story.

It usually makes reader laugh.

It doesn't include real information.

Author's Purpose小朋友基本掌握了，接下來粑粑麻麻可以對這本書本身做進(jìn)一步發(fā)散討論（參考來源：Reading Rainbow Teacher's Guide)：

Why do people use taxis?

人們?yōu)槭裁磿枰鲎廛嚕?/p>

How might the story be different if Jim were the narrator?

如果Jim是故事的敘述者，這個故事會發(fā)生怎么的不同？可以試著讓小朋友充當(dāng)Jim講下故事

Maxi does all sorts of things to entertain the passengers in Jim's taxi. Is Jim aware of Maxi's antics? Why doesn't Jim know what Maxi is up to?

Maxi在出租車上做了各種滑稽的動作來逗樂后排乘客，Jim知道么？為什么他不知道？

Have you ever see a pet in a store or in a place of business? What kind of business was it?What was the reason for the animal being there? What would be the advantages and disadvantages of having a pet at one's place of work? What special circumstances might there be for the necessity of having an animal at work?

你在商店或者其它營業(yè)場所見到過寵物么？是哪里的？動物為什么會出現(xiàn)在那里呢？工作的地方有寵物的話，各有什么優(yōu)點和缺點？哪些情況下在工作場所有寵物是很有必要的？

如果爸爸媽媽還想繼續(xù)展開，不妨試試如下這個活動：

Thinking that having a taxi dog like maxi is successful for Jim, other taxi drivers might want a dog to ride in their cabs too. Write a want ad for a "taxi dog". Discuss the types of information that might be in such an ad. Look at newspaper want ads before beginning. 想象一下，像Jim一樣有一個出租車狗會讓生意更好，那是不是其他的出租車司機(jī)也會像要一個狗狗呢？讓小朋友寫一份“出租車狗”的求購廣告，一起討論在廣告里要闡述到哪些點，可以在開始落筆前參考下報紙上的其他求購廣告。

好啦，今天的精讀時間就到這里，希望可以對大家進(jìn)一步理解北美的閱讀理解教學(xué)有幫助。下載故事原文（http://share.weiyun.com/a6e79b5c2f87887c328fd598d6d9f1f7）